Brain development is an extraordinarily complex process achieved through the spatially and
temporally regulated release of key patterning factors. In vitro neurodevelopmental models …

Smad transcription factors lie at the core of one of the most versatile cytokine signaling
pathways in metazoan biology—the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) pathway. Recent …

We report here the discovery and characterization of a gene, ELABELA (ELA), encoding a
conserved hormone of 32 amino acids. Present in human embryonic stem cells, ELA is …

Much of the focus on the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily in cancer has
revolved around the TGFβ ligands themselves. However, it is now becoming apparent that …

The potential to generate virtually any differentiated cell type from embryonic stem cells
(ESCs) offers the possibility to establish new models of mammalian development and to …

Ligands of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily of growth factors initiate
signal transduction through a bewildering complexity of ligand–receptor interactions …

TGF-β superfamily signaling pathways emerged with the evolution of multicellular animals,
suggesting that these pathways contribute to the increased diversity and complexity required …

the claim of consistent hemispheric specialisations across classes of chordates is
undermined by the absence of population-based directional asymmetry of paw/hand use in …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family members, which include TGF-βs, activins and
bone morphogenetic proteins, are pleiotropic cytokines that elicit cell type-specific effects in …

Maintenance of pluripotency is crucial to the mammalian embryo's ability to generate the
extra-embryonic and embryonic tissues that are needed for intrauterine survival and foetal …