Macrophages, which are key cellular components of the liver, have emerged as essential
players in the maintenance of hepatic homeostasis and in injury and repair processes in …

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are the two major
types of chronic liver disease worldwide. Inflammatory processes play key roles in the …

Protein kinase R (PKR) is an immune response protein that becomes activated by double-
stranded RNAs (dsRNAs). PKR overactivation is associated with degenerative diseases with …

Mitochondrial damage plays vital roles in the pathology of many diseases, such as cancers,
neurodegenerative diseases, aging, metabolic diseases and many types of organ injury …

Chronic liver injury with any etiology can progress to fibrosis and the end-stage diseases
cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The progression of liver disease is controlled by a …

Mitochondria are key organelles involved in energy production as well as numerous
metabolic processes. There is a growing interest in the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in …

The liver is a lymphoid organ with unique immunological properties, particularly, its
predominant innate immune system. The balance between immune tolerance and immune …

Mitochondria participate in a wide range of cellular processes. One essential function of
mitochondria is to be a platform for antiviral signaling proteins during the innate immune …

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with diameters ranging from 30 to 150 nm, which
contain several donor cell‐associated proteins as well as mRNA, miRNA, and lipids and …

In addition to playing a pivotal role in cellular energetics and biosynthesis, mitochondrial
components are key operators in the regulation of cell death. In addition to apoptosis …