The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is activated in both acute and chronic pain. In this
Review, we discuss increasing evidence from rodent studies that ACC activation contributes …

The ability to make predictions based on stored information is a general coding strategy. A
Prediction-Error (PE) is a mismatch between expected and current events. It was proposed …

Learn how the brain processes mathematical concepts and why some students develop
math anxiety! David A. Sousa discusses the cognitive mechanisms for learning mathematics …

A swiftly growing volume of literature, comprising both human and animal studies and
employing both observational and experimental designs, has documented striking individual …

Trettenbrein has argued that the concept of the synapse as the locus of memory is outdated
and has made six critiques of this concept. In this article, we examine these six critiques and …

It is now widely accepted that re-exposure to memory cues during sleep reactivates
memories and can improve later recall. However, the underlying mechanisms are still …

Persistent pain, which is poorly treated and estimated to afflict one third of the world's
population, is largely mediated by the sensitization of nociceptive neurons. This sensitization …

Traumatic events generate some of the most enduring memories, yet little is known about
how long-lasting fear memories can be attenuated. In this review, we collect the surprisingly …

Persistent traces of drug reward memories contribute to intense craving and often trigger
relapse. A number of pharmacological interventions on drug-associated memories have …

Mechanisms of acute pain transition to chronic pain are not fully understood. Here we
demonstrate an active role of β-arrestin 2 (Arrb2) in regulating spinal cord NMDA receptor …