Tremendous progress has been made since Neuron published our Primer on genetic
dissection of neural circuits 10 years ago. Since then, cell-type-specific anatomical …

Advancements in neurotechnologies for electrophysiology, neurochemical sensing,
neuromodulation, and optogenetics are revolutionizing scientific understanding of the brain …

Calcium imaging with genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) is routinely used to
measure neural activity in intact nervous systems. GECIs are frequently used in one of two …

Genetically encoded voltage indicators are emerging tools for monitoring voltage dynamics
with cell-type specificity. However, current indicators enable a narrow range of applications …

Noradrenaline released from the locus coeruleus (LC) is a ubiquitous neuromodulator,,–that
has been linked to multiple functions including arousal,,–, action and sensory gain,–, and …

Astrocytic Ca2+ signaling has been intensively studied in health and disease but has not
been quantified during natural sleep. Here, we employ an activity-based algorithm to assess …

Recent studies have shown that neuronal representations gradually change over time
despite no changes in the stimulus, environment, or behavior. However, such …

Neuronal representations change as associations are learned between sensory stimuli and
behavioral actions. However, it is poorly understood whether representations for learned …

Imaging is used to map activity across populations of neurons. Microscopes with cellular
resolution have small (< 1 millimeter) fields of view and cannot simultaneously image activity …

Fluorescent calcium sensors are widely used to image neural activity. Using structure-based
mutagenesis and neuron-based screening, we developed a family of ultrasensitive protein …