The timely production of functional proteins is of critical importance for the biological activity
of cells. To reach the functional state, newly synthesized polypeptides have to become …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site of membrane protein insertion, folding, and
assembly in eukaryotes. Over the past few years, a combination of genetic and biochemical …

The evolutionary emergence of organelles was a defining process in diversifying
biochemical reactions within the cell and enabling multicellularity. However …

One-fourth of eukaryotic genes code for integral membrane proteins, nearly all of which are
inserted and assembled at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The defining feature of …

Tail-anchored (TA) proteins fulfill diverse cellular functions within different organellar
membranes. Their characteristic C-terminal transmembrane segment renders TA proteins …

The heterotrimeric Sec61 complex is a major site for the biogenesis of transmembrane
proteins (TMPs), accepting nascent TMP precursors that are targeted to the endoplasmic …

Due to their topology tail-anchored (TA) proteins must target to the membrane independently
of the co-translational route defined by the signal sequence recognition particle (SRP), its …

Signal recognition particle (SRP) is an RNA and protein complex that exists in all domains of
life. It consists of one protein and one noncoding RNA in some bacteria. It is more complex …

Cleavable endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal peptides (SPs) and other non-cleavable
signal sequences target roughly a quarter of the human proteome to the ER. These short …

The rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of nucleated human cells has crucial functions in
protein biogenesis, calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis, and signal transduction. Among the …