The human microbiota has a fundamental role in host physiology and pathology. Gut
microbial alteration, also known as dysbiosis, is a condition associated not only with …

The concept of immune privilege suggests that the central nervous system is isolated from
the immune system. However, recent studies have highlighted the borders of the central …

Background Complex immune-brain interactions that affect neural development, survival
and function might have causal and therapeutic implications for psychiatric illnesses …

With the rising prevalence of autoimmune diseases, the role of the environment, specifically
the gut microbiota, in disease development has grown to be a major area of study. Recent …

Abstract α-Synuclein, a key pathological component of Parkinson's disease, has been
implicated in the activation of the innate and adaptive immune system. This immune …

INTRODUCTION Under homeostasis, the central nervous system (CNS) hosts microglia
(MG) and CNS-associated macrophages (CAMs). During experimental autoimmune …

Astrocytes, the largest and most numerous glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS),
play a variety of important roles in regulating homeostasis, increasing synaptic plasticity and …

During the past decades, better understanding of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
disease mechanisms have led to the development of several disease-modifying therapies …

Regulatory T (Treg) cells suppress inflammation and regulate immune system activity. In
patients with systemic or organ-specific autoimmune diseases or those receiving …

Abstract CD4+ T helper (Th) cells are critical for proper immune cell homeostasis and host
defense, but are also major contributors to pathology of autoimmune and inflammatory …