Tumor evolution is the accumulation of various tumor cell behaviors from tumorigenesis to
tumor metastasis and is regulated by the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of death worldwide, leading to
increased medical care costs. To turn the scale, it is essential to acquire a more in-depth and …

High-fidelity in vitro tumor models are important for preclinical drug discovery processes.
Currently, the most commonly used model for in vitro drug testing remains the two …

The vascular system in living tissues is a highly organized system that consists of vessels
with various diameters for nutrient delivery and waste transport. In recent years, many vessel …

Construction of in vitro vascular models is of great significance to various biomedical
research, such as pharmacokinetics and hemodynamics, and thus is an important direction …

Emerging microfluidic disease models have amply demonstrated their value in many fields
of cancer research. These in vitro technologies recapitulate key aspects of metastatic …

Cancer metastasis, the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, remains a complex
challenge in medical science. Stephen Paget's “seed and soil theory” introduced the …

In vitro organoid models, typically defined as 3D multicellular aggregates, have been
extensively used as a promising tool in drug screening, disease progression research, and …

The urinary system, comprising the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, has a unique
mechanical and fluid microenvironment, which is essential to the urinary system growth and …

The isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from complex biological samples is of
paramount significance for advancing cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. However …