Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by tissue-specific insulin resistance and
pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, which result from the interplay of local abnormalities within …

The interplay between adipokines and pancreatic beta cells, often referred to as the adipo-
insular axis, plays a crucial role in regulating metabolic homeostasis. Adipokines are …

A ketogenic diet (KD) has been promoted as an obesity management diet, yet its underlying
mechanism remains elusive. Here we show that KD reduces energy intake and body weight …

Obesity, a global health challenge, is a major risk factor for multiple life-threatening
diseases, including diabetes, fatty liver, and cancer. There is an ongoing need to identify …

Growth hormone (GH) is secreted by somatotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland. The
classical effects of GH comprise the stimulation of cell proliferation, tissue and body growth …

In contrast to the well-defined biological feedback loops controlling glucose, the
mechanisms by which the body responds to changes in fatty acid availability are less clearly …

Various models of mitochondrial stress result in induction of the stress-responsive cytokines
fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). This is an …

Futile cycles are biological phenomena where two opposing biochemical reactions run
simultaneously, resulting in a net energy loss without appreciable productivity. Such a state …

Obesity is strongly associated with the development of diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney
disease (CKD), but there is evidence for a bidirectional relationship wherein the kidney also …

GFRAL-expressing neurons actuate aversion and nausea, are targets for obesity treatment,
and may mediate metformin effects by long-term GDF15-GFRAL agonism. Whether GFRAL+ …