Background Inadequate pain management after surgery increases the risk of postoperative
complications and may predispose for chronic postsurgical pain. Perioperative ketamine …

Benzodiazepines are some of the most commonly prescribed medications in the world.
These sedative-hypnotics can provide rapid relief for symptoms like anxiety and insomnia …

Fentanyl is a powerful opioid anesthetic and analgesic, the use of which has caused an
increasing public health threat in the United States and elsewhere. Fentanyl was initially …

As early as the 19th century, OIH was observed in patients receiving morphine for pain. It
was recognized that a potent analgesic such as morphine could actually result in an …

Use of chronic opioid therapy for chronic noncancer pain has increased substantially. The
American Pain Society and the American Academy of Pain Medicine commissioned a …

Homeostasis, the dominant explanatory framework for physiological regulation, has
undergone significant revision in recent years, with contemporary models differing …

Opioids have been regarded for millennia as among the most effective drugs for the
treatment of pain. Their use in the management of acute severe pain and chronic pain …

A major unresolved issue in treating pain is the paradoxical hyperalgesia produced by the
gold-standard analgesic morphine and other opiates. We found that hyperalgesia-inducing …

Opioids are the cornerstone therapy for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. Although
common concerns regarding the use of opioids include the potential for detrimental side …

A difficult decision for physicians who treat patients with chronic pain not associated with
terminal disease is whether and how to prescribe opioid therapy, which can relieve pain and …