Addictive drugs are habit-forming. Addiction is a learned behavior; repeated exposure to
addictive drugs can stamp in learning. Dopamine-depleted or dopamine-deleted animals …

Addictive substances are known to increase dopaminergic signaling in the
mesocorticolimbic system. The origin of this dopamine (DA) signaling originates in the …

Human brain organoids provide unique platforms for modeling several aspects of human
brain development and pathology. However, current brain organoid systems mostly lack the …

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is widely acknowledged as a brain structure
that regulates stress and anxiety states, as well as aversive and appetitive behaviours. The …

Although dopamine is implicated in the development of addiction, it is unclear how specific
dopamine release patterns are involved with drug seeking. Addictive drugs increase tonic …

Over the past fifty years a significant body of evidence has been compiled suggesting an
interaction between the endocannabinoid (EC) system and alcohol dependence. However …

The brain damage, which occurs after either chronic alcoholization or binge drinking
regimes, shows distinct biochemical and neurotransmitter differences. An excessive amount …

The dopaminergic system originating in the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) has been
extensively studied over the past decades as a critical neural substrate involved in the …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) induce messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation and repress mRNA
translation. Several miRNAs control the expression of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor …

Alcoholism is associated with changes in brain reward and control systems, including the
prefrontal cortex. In prefrontal areas, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has been suggested to …