Dendritic cells (DCs) develop in the bone marrow from haematopoietic progenitors that have
numerous shared characteristics between mice and humans. Human counterparts of mouse …

Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen presenting cells, uniquely able to induce naïve
T cell activation and effector differentiation. They are, likewise, involved in the induction and …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) survey intra-and extracellular spaces for pathogen-
associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) within microbial products of infection. Recognition …

INTRODUCTION Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen-presenting cells that
orchestrate immune responses. The human DC population comprises multiple subsets …

Although apoptotic cells (ACs) contain nucleic acids that can be recognized by Toll-like
receptors (TLRs), engulfment of ACs does not initiate inflammation in healthy organisms …

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs trigger cells
that express Toll-like receptor 9 (including human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells) …

The innate immune system in drosophila and mammals senses the invasion of
microorganisms using the family of Toll receptors, stimulation of which initiates a range of …

Recognition of microbial infection and initiation of host defense responses is controlled by
multiple mechanisms. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have recently emerged as a key component …

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses non-toxic photosensitizers and harmless visible light in
combination with oxygen to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species that kill malignant …

The imidazoquinoline compounds imiquimod and R-848 are low-molecular-weight immune
response modifiers that can induce the synthesis of interferon-α and other cytokines in a …