Anxiety is the most common mental health problem worldwide. Epidemiological studies
show that sleep disturbances, particularly insomnia, affect∼ 50% of individuals with anxiety …

Sleep plays an important role in maintaining neuronal circuitry, signalling and helps
maintain overall health and wellbeing. Sleep deprivation (SD) disturbs the circadian …

Although considered an inactive state for centuries, sleep entails many active processes
occurring at the cellular, circuit and organismal levels. Over the last decade, several key …

INTRODUCTION Sleep homeostasis, the balance between the duration of sleep and
wakefulness, is a fundamental feature of the sleep-wake cycle. During wakefulness, sleep …

The ability to directly measure acetylcholine (ACh) release is an essential step toward
understanding its physiological function. Here we optimized the GRABACh (GPCR …

Sleep represents an emergent set of many physiologic processes under primarily
neurobiological regulation that impact many physiologic systems. As such, many advances …

Sleep remains one of the most mysterious yet ubiquitous animal behaviors. We review
current perspectives on the neural systems that regulate sleep/wake states in mammals and …

Abstract Serotonin (5-HT) is a phylogenetically conserved monoamine neurotransmitter
modulating important processes in the brain. To directly visualize the release of 5-HT, we …

Clinical observations indicate that the paramedian region of the thalamus is a critical node
for controlling wakefulness. However, the specific nucleus and neural circuitry for this …

Highlights•Glutamatergic neurons in the parabrachial nucleus provide main ascending
arousal influence from the brainstem.•GABAergic neurons in the brainstem provide the main …