The spleen is the largest secondary lymphoid organ in the body and, as such, hosts a wide
range of immunologic functions alongside its roles in hematopoiesis and red blood cell …

Following infection, T cells differentiate into a heterogeneous population of effector T cells
that can mediate pathogen clearance. A subset of these effector T cells possesses the ability …

Chronic viral infections are characterized by a state of CD8+ T-cell dysfunction that is
associated with expression of the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) inhibitory receptor,,,. A …

Protective immunity against pathogens depends on the efficient generation of functionally
diverse effector and memory T lymphocytes. However, whether plasticity during effector-to …

During an infection, T cells can differentiate into multiple types of effector and memory T
cells, which help to mediate pathogen clearance and provide long-term protective immunity …

T cells dynamically interact with multiple, distinct cellular subsets to determine effector and
memory differentiation. Here, we developed a platform to quantify cell location in three …

Tissues such as the skin and mucosae are frequently exposed to microbial pathogens.
Infectious agents must be quickly and efficiently controlled by our immune system, but the …

The developmental origins of memory T cells remain incompletely understood. During the
expansion phase of acute viral infection, we identified a distinct subset of virus-specific …

CD4+ T cells differentiate into multiple effector types, but it is unclear how they form memory
T cells during infection in vivo. Profiling virus-specific CD4+ T cells revealed that effector …

Memory CD8+ T cells are critical for host defense upon reexposure to intracellular
pathogens. We found that interleukin 10 (IL-10) derived from CD4+ regulatory T cells (Treg …