While limited research is available, evidence indicates that physical and mental activity
influence the aging process. Human data show that executive functions of the type …

Early-life stimulation (eg brief handling) attenuates the behavioral and neuroendocrine
responses to stressors encountered in adulthood, particularly with respect to activation of …

The hypothesis that music training can improve verbal memory was tested in children. The
results showed that children with music training demonstrated better verbal but not visual …

The ability to learn and remember individuals is critical for the stability of social groups.
Social recognition reflects the ability of mice to identify and remember conspecifics. Social …

The existence of sex differences in the standard rat and mouse models of learning and
memory is a controversial and contested topic in the literature. The present meta-analysis of …

Sex differences in the function of the hippocampus have been observed in numerous
mammalian species. However, the magnitude, extent, and specificity of these differences are …

Neonatally castrated (MNC) and control male rats (MC) and female rats treated neonatally
with estradiol benzoate (FNE) and female controls (FC) were studied. In Exp 1 spatial …

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of individual housing on mouse
behavior. The male mice of the C57BL/6J and DBA/2 strains were separated at the age of 4 …

Numerous studies have provided evidence that both human and nonhuman males reliably
outperform females on tasks that require spatial ability. Because most of the research on this …

In a study of two congeneric rodent species, sex differences in hippocampal size were
predicted by sex-specific patterns of spatial cognition. Hippocampal size is known to …