Causal directed acyclic graphs (cDAGs) have become popular tools for researchers to better
examine biases related to causal questions. DAGs comprise a series of arrows connecting …

Covariate adjustment is integral to the validity of observational studies assessing causal
effects. It is common practice to adjust for as many variables as possible in observational …

Objectives The relationship between reproductive factors and breast cancer (BC) risk has
been investigated in previous studies. Considering the discrepancies in the results, the aim …

Previous analysis of the action to control cardiovascular risk in diabetes showed an
increased risk of mortality among patients receiving intensive glucose lowering therapy …

Purpose Physical inactivity, a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is
independently associated with stroke. Though some prior data have suggested sex …

There are few if any reports regarding the role of lifetime waterpipe smoking in the etiology
of multiple sclerosis (MS). In a population-based incident case-control study conducted in …

Objective Knee replacement (KR) rates are increasing exponentially in the US and straining
insurance budgets. This study was undertaken to investigate how many KRs would be …

Introduction The population attributable fraction is an important measure for assessing the
impact of intervention on the disease risk in populations, but it is frequently misused in the …

Background Physical inactivity kills as many people as smoking—a newspaper heading
reads 1 following a Lancet publication 2 suggesting that more than 5 million deaths would …

Background This study assesses the effect of blood lipid indices and lipid ratios on
cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) using inverse probability-of-exposure weighted estimation …