Specialized subpopulations of CD4+ T cells survey major histocompatibility complex class II–
peptide complexes to control phagosomal infections, help B cells, regulate tissue …

The discovery of CD4+ T cell subset–defining master transcription factors and framing of the
Th1/Th2 paradigm ignited the CD4+ T cell field. Advances in in vivo experimental systems …

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus is causing a
global pandemic, and cases continue to rise. Most infected individuals experience mildly …

Considerable advances have been made in recent years in understanding the generation
and function of memory T cells. Memory T cells are typically parsed into discreet subsets …

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction syndrome caused by dysregulated host
response to infection that leads to uncontrolled inflammatory response followed by …

The system physiology approaches that emerge in western countries in recent years echo
the holistic view of ancient Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) practices that deal with the …

The purpose of immunology is simple. Cure or prevent disease. M1/M2 is useful because it
is simple. M1/M2 describes the two major and opposing activities of macrophages. M1 …

Memory for antigen is a defining feature of adaptive immunity. Antigen-specific lymphocyte
populations show an increase in number and function after antigen encounter and more …

Evolution of RNA viruses occurs through disequilibria of collections of closely related mutant
spectra or mutant clouds termed viral quasispecies. Here we review the origin of the …

Sepsis is a life-threatening medical condition that occurs when the host has an uncontrolled
or abnormal immune response to overwhelming infection. It is now widely accepted that …