Emerging evidence indicates that the gut microbiota play a crucial role in the bidirectional
communication between the gut and the brain suggesting that the gut microbes may shape …

The human microbiota has a fundamental role in host physiology and pathology. Gut
microbial alteration, also known as dysbiosis, is a condition associated not only with …

Components of the proteostasis network malfunction in aging, and reduced protein quality
control in neurons has been proposed to promote neurodegeneration. Here, we investigate …

According to emerging studies, the excessive activation of microglia and the subsequent
release of pro-inflammatory cytokines play important roles in the pathogenesis and …

The treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been hindered by the complex pathologies
and multiple membrane barriers during drug delivery. Although exosomes derived from …

There is no consensus on the exact role of the adaptive immune system in Parkinson's
disease pathogenesis, although there is increasing evidence that it is somehow involved …

Cells rely on surveillance systems such as autophagy to handle protein alterations and
organelle damage. Dysfunctional autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved cellular …

Parkinson disease (PD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder, the etiology of which
remains largely unknown. Progressive impairment of voluntary motor control, which …

Parkinson disease (PD) treatment options have conventionally focused on dopamine
replacement and provision of symptomatic relief. Current treatments cause undesirable …

Autophagy is a major, conserved cellular pathway by which cells deliver cytoplasmic
contents to lysosomes for degradation. Genetic studies have revealed extensive links …