Melanoma is the most lethal skin cancer that originates from the malignant transformation of
melanocytes. Although melanoma has long been regarded as a cancerous malignancy with …

Strategies for unlocking immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment have been
investigated to overcome resistance to first-generation immune checkpoint blockade with …

Objective Programmed death 1 and its ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) immunotherapy is promising
for late-stage lung cancer treatment, however, the response rate needs to be improved. Gut …

Abstract Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a heme enzyme that catalyzes the
oxidation of L-tryptophan. Functionally, IDO1 has played a pivotal role in cancer immune …

Metabolic reprogramming has been widely recognized as a hallmark of malignancy. The
uptake and metabolism of amino acids are aberrantly upregulated in many cancers that …

Colorectal cancer (CRC), and breast, ovarian, pancreatic and prostate cancers are generally
considered as low immune-reactive cancers that represent either limited infiltration of …

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the seventh most common cancer in men and the ninth most
common cancer in women worldwide. There is plenty of evidence about the role of the …

Based on its effects on both tumour cell intrinsic malignant properties as well as anti-tumour
immune responses, tryptophan catabolism has emerged as an important metabolic regulator …

Cutaneous melanoma is the main cause of death for skin cancer. The majority of patients
with a diagnosis of melanoma have localized disease, which can be successfully treated …

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common non-skin
cancer with a tobacco consumption and infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) …