Background The electrochemical biosensor is one of the typical sensing devices based on
transducing the biochemical events to electrical signals. In this type of sensor, an electrode …

Carbon nanotube (CNT) based biosensors are recognized to be a next generation building
block for ultra-sensitive and ultra-fast biosensing systems. This article provides an overview …

Organophosphorus pesticides are widely utilized in agricultural fertility. However, their long-
term accumulations result in serious damage to human health and ecological balance …

Several inorganic materials are potentially suitable for enzymatic covalent immobilization, by
means of several different techniques. Such materials must meet stringent criteria to be …

Immobilization of enzymes on the transducer surface is a necessary and critical step in the
design of biosensors. An overview of the different immobilization techniques reported in the …

The aim of this review is to present the contributions to the development of electrochemical
sensors and biosensors based on polyphenazine or polytriphenylmethane redox polymers …

Increasing the economic attractiveness of plastic waste reusing/recycling is expected to
contribute towards reducing their input in the environment. The use of plastic wastes as …

With the development of carbon nanomaterials in recent years, there has been an explosion
of interests in using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene for developing new …

Graphene-and carbon-based nanomaterials are key materials to develop advanced
biosensors for the sensitive detection of many biomarkers owing to their unique properties …

Highlights•The three major electron transfer routes are reviewed: 1st, 2nd (mediated
electron transfer) and 3rd generation biosensors (direct electron transfer).•Enzymatic …