What is known about the biological activity of fish cytokines is reviewed. Most of the
functional studies performed to date have been in teleost fish, and have focused on the …

The earliest jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomes) would likely have had interferon (IFN) genes,
since they are present in extant cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays) and bony fish (lobe …

Overcrowding conditions and temperatures shifts regularly manifest in large-scale infections
of farmed fish, resulting in economic losses for the global aquaculture industries. Increased …

Interferons (IFN s) have been reported in vertebrates from fish to mammals. To date, two
types of IFN s, ie type I and type II IFN s have been reported in a range of fish species in …

Cartilaginous and bony fish are the most primitive vertebrates with a thymus, and possess T
cells equivalent to those in mammals. There are a number of studies in fish demonstrating …

In this review, we support taking polarized immune responses in teleost fish from a
'macrophage first'point of view, a hypothesis that reverts the dichotomous T helper (TH) 1 …

Macrophages are found across all vertebrate species, reside in virtually all animal tissues,
and play critical roles in host protection and homeostasis. Various mechanisms determine …

Abstract Interferon-gamma (IFN-ϒ) is probably one of the most relevant cytokines
orchestrating the immune response in vertebrates. Although the activities mediated by this …

IFN-γ, as the sole member of mammalian type II IFN, is a multifunctional cytokine which
exerts its effects through two distinct IFN-γ receptors, IFNGR1 and IFNGR2. However, in …

Cell-mediated cytotoxicity is one of the major mechanisms by which vertebrates control
intracellular pathogens. Two cell types are the main players in this immune response …