BACKGROUND Although the ocean moderates anthropogenic climate change, this has
great impacts on its fundamental physics and chemistry, with important consequences for …

An increasing number of short‐term experimental studies show significant effects of
projected ocean warming and ocean acidification on the performance on marine organisms …

Climate change is driving changes in the physical and chemical properties of the ocean that
have consequences for marine ecosystems. Here, we review evidence for the responses of …

Arctic marine ecosystems are warming twice as fast as the global average. As a
consequence of warming, many incoming species experience increasing abundances and …

Poleward and upward shifts are the most frequent types of range shifts that have been
reported in response to contemporary climate change. However, the number of reports …

The Ocean plays a central role in Earth's climate and has absorbed 93% of the extra energy
from the enhanced greenhouse effect and approximately 30% of anthropogenic carbon …

Marine fishes and invertebrates respond to ocean warming through distribution shifts,
generally to higher latitudes and deeper waters. Consequently, fisheries should be affected …

Ocean ecosystems have responded and will continue to respond to climate changes of
different rates, magnitudes, and durations (virtually certain). Human societies depend on …

INTRODUCTION Climate change became real for many Americans in 2012 when a record
heat wave affected much of the United States, and Superstorm Sandy pounded the …

Abstract Changes in temperature, oxygen content and other ocean biogeochemical
properties directly affect the ecophysiology of marine water-breathing organisms,,. Previous …