The geomagnetic Kp index is one of the most extensively used indices of geomagnetic
activity, both for scientific and operational purposes. This article reviews the properties of the …

A review of the impact of the cold-ion and cold-electron populations in the Earth's
magnetosphere is presented. The cold populations are defined by total energy less than …

We use an E× B‐driven plasmapause test particle (PTP) simulation to provide global
contextual information for in situ measurements by the Van Allen Probes (Radiation Belt …

Plasmaspheric density structures have been studied since the discovery of the
plasmasphere in the late 1950s. But the advent of the Cluster and Image missions in 2000 …

The purpose of this commentary is (1) to raise awareness about some shortcomings of the
use of the Dst index to identify storms, to gauge storm intensity, and to represent storm time …

This paper reviews the state of knowledge concerning the source of magnetospheric plasma
at Earth. Source of plasma, its acceleration and transport throughout the system, its …

Optical structures located equatorward of the main auroral oval often exhibit different
morphologies and dynamics than structures at higher latitudes. In some cases, questions …

This paper presents a dynamic plasmapause location model established based on 5 years
of Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) …

Current algorithms for the real‐time prediction of the K p index use a combination of models
empirically driven by solar wind measurements at the L1 Lagrange point and historical …

The total electron density is a fundamental quantity in the Earth's magnetosphere and plays
an important role in a number of physical processes, but its dynamic global evolution is not …