In natural systems plants face a plethora of antagonists and thus have evolved multiple
defence strategies. Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) is a model plant for studies of …

Predator-induced stress shows pronounced effects on prey by inducing behavioural,
morphological, and physiological responses. Increasing evidence shows that these …

Herbivores suffer significant mortality from predation and are therefore subject to natural
selection on traits promoting predator avoidance and resistance. They can employ an array …

Predation is a major selective force for the evolution of behavioural characteristics of prey.
Predation among consumers competing for food is termed intraguild predation (IGP). From …

Grouping together is a commonly observed anti-predator strategy. Possible anti-predator
benefits of aggregation include the encounter/avoidance effect for visually hunting predators …

In predator–prey interactions, non-consumptive effects of predators have been less studied
than consumptive effects. However, non-consumptive effects may have significant influences …

The impact of predators on prey has traditionally been attributed to the act of consumption.
Prey responses to the presence of the predator (non‐consumptive effects), however, can be …

Zoophytophagous arthropods can elicit plant defense responses affecting potential prey
beyond predation. Phytophagy prevails as the main trigger for these responses, as in the …

The functional response of predators describes the rate at which a predator consumes prey
and is an important determinant of community dynamics. Despite the importance, most …

Prey are known to invest in costly antipredator behaviour when perceiving cues of
dangerous, but not of relatively harmless predators. Whereas most studies investigate one …