In recent years, the investment community has become increasingly aware of the investment
risks from both the physical effects of climate change and the regulatory responses to …

This paper surveys climate and energy policy in the EU transport sector covering the road,
aviation, and shipping sectors. We summarise current policies, focusing on the Fit for 55 …

For over ten years, China has been the largest vehicle market in the world. In order to
address energy security and air quality concerns, China issued the Dual Credit policy to …

We estimate the sensitivity of scrap decisions to changes in used car values and show how
this “scrap elasticity” produces emissions leakage under fuel efficiency standards, a process …

Carbon pricing is widely recognized as the most economically efficient policy to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions. However, its high-cost visibility creates political challenges for …

Subglobal and subnational greenhouse gas policies are often thought to be less effective
than comprehensive policies as production and emissions of trade exposed industries may …

The world has 1.4 billion passenger vehicles. How should governments regulate their air
pollution emissions? A Pigouvian tax is technologically infeasible. Most countries instead …

This article discusses automobile fuel economy standards in the United States and other
countries. We first describe how these programs affect the automobile market, including …

About 45 years ago a few economists offered the novel idea of trading pollution rights as a
way of meeting environmental goals. Such trading was touted as a more cost-effective …

With a focus on two sorts of regulation—renewable electricity and clean energy standards,
and automobile fuel-economy standards—we analyze problematic interactions that arise …