The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is well known for regulating reward consumption, learning,
memory, and addiction behaviors through mediating dopamine (DA) release in downstream …

Summary Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its sibling, cannabidiol (CBD), are produced
by the same Cannabis plant and have similar chemical structures but differ dramatically in …

The type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R) was initially regarded as a peripheral cannabinoid
receptor. However, recent technological advances in gene detection, alongside the …

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a family of nuclear receptors that
regulate gene expression. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) is a PPARγ agonist and some …

Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) has been one of the major targets in medication
development for treating substance use disorders (SUDs). Early studies indicated that …

Background and Purpose Endocannabinoids are critically involved in brain reward
functions, mediated by activation of CB1 receptors, reflecting their high density in the brain …

Substance use disorder (SUD) is a major public health crisis worldwide, and effective
treatment options are limited. During the past 2 decades, researchers have investigated the …

Prescription opioid abuse is a global crisis. New treatment strategies for pain and opioid use
disorders are urgently required. We evaluated the effects of R-VK4-40, a highly selective …

The non-medical use of opioids has become a national crisis in the USA. Developing non-
opioid pharmacotherapies for controlling this opioid epidemic is urgent. Dopamine D3 …

Enhancing endocannabinoid signaling produces anxiolytic-and antidepressant-like effects,
but the neural circuits involved remain poorly understood. The medial habenula (MHb) is a …