In line with the substantial increase in the broiler industry worldwide, Clostridium perfringens-
induced necrotic enteritis (NE) became a continuous challenge leading to high economic …

Asthma is a complex inflammatory disease characterized by airway inflammation and
hyperresponsiveness. The mechanisms associated with the development and progression …

Clostridium perfringens type A and C are the primary etiological agents associated with
necrotic enteritis (NE) in poultry. The predisposing factors implicated in the incidence of NE …

Most animals are colonised by at least as many microbial cells as somatic cells, potentially
comprising at least 100 times more genes within just the gut microbiota than the host itself. It …

Coccidiosis is recognized as the major parasitic disease of poultry and is caused by the
apicomplexan protozoan Eimeria. Coccidiosis seriously impairs the growth and feed …

Abstract Analysis of the genomes of two distantly related bird species, chicken and zebra
finch (divergence of about 100 million years), indicate that there are ten avian toll-like …

The chicken gut-associated lymphoid tissue is made up of a number of tissues and cells that
are responsible for generating mucosal immune responses and maintaining intestinal …

Abstract Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) perform a vital role in disease resistance
through their recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Recent …

Atmospheric hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is a highly toxic air pollutant that has a negative effect
on human health and animal welfare. The immunotoxicity of H 2 S has been explored …

Heterophils play an indispensable role in the immune defense of the avian host. To
accomplish this defense, heterophils use sophisticated mechanisms to both detect and …