Current antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively suppresses Human Immunodeficiency Virus
type 1 (HIV-1) in infected individuals. However, even long term ART does not eradicate HIV …

People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection typically have
hypovitaminosis D, which is linked to a large number of pathologies, including immune …

The lentivirus human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS by interacting with a large
number of different cells in the body and escaping the host immune response against it. HIV …

Interleukin 13 (IL-12) is a recently described protein secreted by activated T cells which is a
potent in vitro modulator of human monocyte and B-cell functions. The data, reviewed here …

Cytokines play an important role in controlling the homoeostasis of the immune system.
Infection with HIV results in dysregulation of the cytokine profile in vivo and in vitro. During …

HIV-1 has evolved mechanisms to evade host cell immune responses and persist for lifelong
infection. Latent cellular reservoirs are responsible for this persistence of HIV-1 despite the …

Considerable controversy and uncertainty have surrounded the biological function of the
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 nef gene product. Initial studies suggested that this …

The immunopathogenic mechanisms underlying human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
disease are extremely complex; the disease process is multifactorial with multiple …

The capacity of macrophages to support productive HIV-1 infection is known to be
modulated by cytokines and other extracellular stimuli. In this study, we demonstrate that …

Cells of the macrophage lineage play an important role in initial infection with HIV-1 and
contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease throughout the course of infection. Both blood …