Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus and the
leading cause of low vision and blindness worldwide. Mounting evidence demonstrates that …

Introduction Diabetes, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are
cardiometabolic diseases that remain amongst the leading causes of morbidity and …

Diabetes mellitus has become a worldwide epidemic, and it is expected to become the
seventh leading cause of death by 2030. In response to the increasing number of diabetes …

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in which the β-cells of the pancreas are
attacked by the host's immune system, ultimately resulting in hyperglycemia. It is a complex …

Posttranslational protein modifications (PTMs) are an inherent response to physiological
changes causing altered protein structure and potentially modulating important biological …

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects millions of people and
generates high healthcare costs due to frequent complications when inappropriately …

Impairment of immune tolerance might cause autologous tissue damage or overactive
immune response against non-pathogenic molecules. Although autoimmune disease and …

Oral administration of therapeutic peptides/proteins (TPPs) is confronted with multiple
gastrointestinal (GI) barriers such as mucus and intestinal epithelium, and the first-pass …

The macrophage is an essential part of the innate immune system and also serves as the
bridge between innate immunity and adaptive immune response. As the initiator and …

Astragali Radix is a significant traditional Chinese medication, and has a long history of
clinical application in the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. AS-IV is …