Inducible defenses are responses activated through a previous encounter with a consumer
or competitor that confer some degree of resistance to subsequent attacks. While the …

Within a population there are frequently several discrete morphs. While in some cases,
particularly color polymorphisms, this variation can be explained by simple Mendelian …

Plants face a daunting array of creatures that eat them, bore into them, and otherwise use
virtually every plant part for food, shelter, or both. But although plants cannot flee from their …

Stephen C. Steams ariation, the fuel that feeds evolutionary change, origi-nates at the levels
of both the genotype and the phenotype. Geneti-cally identical organisms reared under …

Th~ rty years ago Thorson (1966 Neth J Sea Res 3 267-293) calculated that juvenile
mortallty in manne bivalves could exceed 98 6% Subsequently juvenile mortality rates have …

In a field experiment where the presence or absence of piscivorous pike (Esox lucius) in
ponds was manipulated, the morphology of crucian carp (Carassius carassius) diverged …

This study was designed to measure and separate the physiological costs of inducible
defenses from life history trade—offs and maternal effects in the waterflea Daphnia pulex …

We review studies of natural selection in wild populations in which selection has acted in
opposite directions at different stages of the life history. For example, the phenotype with …

The snail Physella virgata virgata, a widely distributed freshwater pulmonate, was observed
to change its life-history characteristics in the presence of the crayfish Orconectes virilis in …

Inducible defenses are found in both terrestrial and aquatic organisms and appear to be a
common defensive strategy of both sessile and mobile species. Here we report the presence …