Glutamate is the most abundant free amino acid in the brain and is at the crossroad between
multiple metabolic pathways. Considering this, it was a surprise to discover that glutamate …

Brain tissue has a remarkable ability to accumulate glutamate. This ability is due to
glutamate transporter proteins present in the plasma membranes of both glial cells and …

The retina, like many other central nervous system structures, contains a huge diversity of
neuronal types. Mammalian retinas contain approximately 55 distinct cell types, each with a …

The mammalian genome contains four genes encoding GABA transporters (GAT1, slc6a1;
GAT2, slc6a13; GAT3, slc6a11; BGT1, slc6a12) and five glutamate transporter genes …

Life on earth is subject to alternating cycles of day and night imposed by the rotation of the
earth. Consequently, living things have evolved photodetective systems to synchronize their …

Mammalian retinal degenerations initiated by gene defects in rods, cones or the retinal
pigmented epithelium (RPE) often trigger loss of the sensory retina, effectively leaving the …

Hippocampal spatial view neurons in primates respond to the place where a monkey is
looking, with some modulation by place. In contrast, hippocampal neurons in rodents …

Transgenic mice provide a new approach for studying the structure and function of the
mammalian retina. In the past, the cellular organization of the mammalian retina was …

Electrical synaptic transmission through gap junctions underlies direct and rapid neuronal
communication in the CNS. The diversity of functional roles that electrical synapses have is …

We report a quantitative analysis of the different bipolar cell types of the mouse retina. They
were identified in wild-type mice by specific antibodies or in transgenic mouse lines by …