The widespread use of molecular machines in biology has long suggested that great
rewards could come from bridging the gap between synthetic molecular systems and the …

Recent technological advances have made a myriad of soft and flexible electronic devices
possible. The essential materials behind many of these devices and systems are electrical …

Discussing theory and transport, synthesis, processing, properties, and applications, this
second edition of a standard resource covers advances in the field of electrically conducting …

The widespread use of controlled molecular‐level motion in key natural processes suggests
that great rewards could come from bridging the gap between the present generation of …

Conjugated polymers (CPs), as exemplified by polypyrrole, are intrinsically conducting
polymers with potential for development as soft actuators or “artificial muscles” for numerous …

Conjugated polymers are electroactive and have found applications as artificial muscles.
Actuators that have been developed over the last decade have now reached the early …

Electromechanical coupling in electroactive polymers (EAPs) has been widely applied for
actuation and is also being increasingly investigated for sensing chemical and mechanical …

Conjugated polymer actuators can be operated in aqueous media, which makes them
attractive for laboratories-on-a-chip and applications under physiological conditions. One of …

This paper provides a detailed overview of developments in transducer materials technology
relating to their current and future applications in micro-scale devices. Recent advances in …

Mechanical actuators are defined as mechanical devices that convert an input energy into
motion. Since the 1990s, advancements in the fields of robotics and automation have …