In the regulation of behavior, the role of GABA neurons has been extensively studied in the
circuit of fear, where GABA interneurons play key parts in the acquisition, storage and …

The hippocampal formation and striatum subserve declarative and procedural memory,
respectively. However, experimental evidence suggests that the ventral striatum, as …

Fear is a response to impending threat that prepares a subject to make appropriate
defensive responses, whether to freeze, fight, or flee to safety. The neural circuits that …

The brain does not learn and remember in a unitary fashion. Rather, different circuits
specialize in certain classes of problems and encode different types of information. Damage …

How long-term memories are stored is a fundamental question in neuroscience. The first
molecular mechanism for long-term memory storage in the brain was recently identified as …

Pavlovian fear conditioning has become an important model for investigating the neural
substrates of learning and memory in rats, mice and humans. The hippocampus and …

Neurons encode information by firing spikes in isolation or bursts and propagate information
by spike-triggered neurotransmitter release that initiates synaptic transmission. Isolated …

Aggression, which comprises multi-faceted traits ranging from negative emotionality to
antisocial behaviour, is influenced by an interaction of biological, psychological and social …

The Pavlovian conditioned freezing paradigm has become a prominent mouse and rat
model of learning and memory, as well as of pathological fear. Due to its efficiency …

The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) contributes to spatial navigation, as well as contextual
learning and memory. However, a growing body of research suggests that the RSC also …