Since Cajal's first drawings of Golgi stained neurons, generations of researchers have been
fascinated by the small protrusions, termed spines, studding many neuronal dendrites. Most …

The CNS is an immune-privileged environment, yet the local control of multiple pathogens is
dependent on the ability of immune cells to access and operate within this site. However …

Summary Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) is a light-gated, cation-selective ion channel isolated
from the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Here, we report the generation of …

One of the most remarkable features of the developing brain is its ability to undergo
structural change in response to experience. Among the cellular elements that show this …

The regulated delivery of AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) to synapses is an
important mechanism underlying synaptic plasticity. Here, we ask whether the synaptic …

Fragile X syndrome is caused by a mutation in the FMR1 gene leading to absence of the
fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Reports that patients and adult FMR1 knock-out …

One of the major limitations in the current set of techniques available to neuroscientists is a
dearth of methods for imaging individual cells deep within the brains of live animals. To …

Optical microscopy, when applied to living animals, provides a powerful means of studying
cell biology in the most physiologically relevant setting. The ability of two-photon microscopy …

Dendritic filopodia are long and thin protrusions that occur predominantly during early
development of the mammalian CNS. The function of dendritic filopodia is unknown, but they …

The mechanisms underlying experience-dependent plasticity in the brain may depend on
the AMPA subclass of glutamate receptors (AMPA-Rs). We examined the trafficking of AMPA …