The ecological function of secondary metabolites in plant defence against herbivores is well
established, but their role in plant–pollinator interactions is less obvious. Nectar is the major …

In many organisms, cytochrome P450 enzymes are the primary detoxifying enzymes.
Enhanced P450 activity can be mediated by the emergence of new genes, increased …

Insecticides are thought to be among the major factors contributing to current declines in bee
populations. However, detoxification mechanisms in healthy, unstressed honey bees are …

Herbivorous insects are responsible for large losses to agriculture through feeding damage
itself but also by vectoring pathogens such as viruses. Plants have evolved various …

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450 or CYP) plays an important role in the metabolism
of insecticides and plant allelochemicals by insects. CYP321B1, a novel Spodoptera litura …

Background Plant-produced specialised metabolites are a powerful part of a plant's first line
of defence against herbivorous insects, bacteria and fungi. Wild ancestors of present-day …

Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are major phase II detoxification
enzymes involved in glycosylation of lipophilic endobiotics and xenobiotics, including …

Mosquitoes are unquestionably the most medic arthropod vectors of disease. Culex pipiens,
usually defined as a common house mosquito, is a well-known carrier of several virus …

Transcriptomic studies lend insights into the role of transcriptional plasticity in adaptation
and specialization. Recently, there has been growing interest in understanding the …

Herbivorous insects encounter diverse plant specialized metabolites (PSMs) in their diet,
that have deterrent, anti-nutritional, or toxic properties. Understanding how they cope with …