Adjuvants are indispensable components of vaccines. Despite being widely used in
vaccines, their action mechanisms are not yet clear. With a greater understanding of the …

Adjuvants are vaccine components that enhance the magnitude, breadth and durability of
the immune response. Following its introduction in the 1920s, alum remained the only …

Immune-checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are
revolutionizing oncology and haematology practice. With these and other immunotherapies …

Vaccinations are one of the most important preventive tools against infectious diseases.
Over time, many different types of vaccines have been developed concerning the antigen …

During the last two decades, there has been broad interest in RNA-based technologies for
the development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. Preclinical and clinical trials have …

Despite significant advances in the field of cancer immunotherapy, the majority of patients
still do not benefit from treatment and must rely on traditional therapies. Dendritic cells have …

RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are intracellular pattern recognition receptors that detect viral or
bacterial infection and induce host innate immune responses. The RLRs family comprises …

Cancer vaccines, which are designed to amplify tumour-specific T cell responses through
active immunization, have long been envisioned as a key tool of effective cancer …

Effective anti-tumour immunity in humans has been associated with the presence of T cells
directed at cancer neoantigens, a class of HLA-bound peptides that arise from tumour …

The recent outbreak of infections and the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 represent one
of the most severe threats to human health in more than a century. Emerging data from the …