We review the evolution and structure of members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-
β) family, antagonistic or agonistic modulators, and receptors that regulate TGF-β signaling …

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are potent growth factors belonging to the
Transforming Growth Factor Beta superfamily. To date over 20 members have been …

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is stored in the extracellular matrix as a latent complex
with its prodomain. Activation of TGF-β1 requires the binding of αv integrin to an RGD …

Furin catalyses a simple biochemical reaction—the proteolytic maturation of proprotein
substrates in the secretory pathway. But the simplicity of this reaction belies furin's broad and …

TGF-β superfamily signaling pathways emerged with the evolution of multicellular animals,
suggesting that these pathways contribute to the increased diversity and complexity required …

Abstract Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are multifunctional secreted cytokines, which
belong to the TGF-β superfamily. These glycoproteins act as a disulfide-linked homo-or …

The mammalian secretory proprotein convertases are part of a family of nine serine
proteinases of the subtilisin-type. Seven of them cleave after basic amino acids and are …

Both latent transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-binding proteins fibrillins are components of
microfibril networks, and both interact with members of the TGF-β family of growth factors …

Renal hypodysplasia (RHD) is characterized by reduced kidney size and/or
maldevelopment of the renal tissue following abnormal organogenesis. Mutations in renal …

Klippel‐Feil syndrome (KFS) is a congenital disorder of spinal segmentation distinguished
by the bony fusion of anterior/cervical vertebrae. Scoliosis, mirror movements …