With the rapid increase in the global population and the impact of climate change on
agriculture, there is a need for crops with higher yields and greater tolerance to abiotic …

Free‐living cyanobacteria were entrapped by eukaryotic cells~ 2 billion years ago, ultimately
giving rise to chloroplasts. After a century of debate, the presence of chloroplast DNA was …

Approximately fifty marker genes used for transgenic and transplastomic plant research or
crop development have been assessed for efficiency, biosafety, scientific applications and …

Plant cells are ideal bioreactors for the production and oral delivery of vaccines and
biopharmaceuticals, eliminating the need for expensive fermentation, purification, cold …

For a long time, Cannabis sativa has been used for therapeutic and industrial purposes. Due
to its increasing demand in medicine, recreation, and industry, there is a dire need to apply …

Powerful scientific techniques have caused dramatic expansion of genetically modified
crops leading to altered agricultural practices posing direct and indirect environmental …

Basic research has provided a much better understanding of the genetic networks and
regulatory hierarchies in plants. To meet the challenges of agriculture, we must be able to …

DNA transfer by particle bombardment makes use of physical processes to achieve the
transformation of crop plants. There is no dependence on bacteria, so the limitations …

The first decade of genetic engineering primarily focused on quantitative crop improvement.
With the advances in technology, the focus of agricultural biotechnology has shifted toward …

Lignin is a major component of wood, the most widely used raw material for the production
of pulp and paper. Although the biochemistry and molecular biology underpinning lignin …