Among the myriad of intracellular signaling networks that govern the cardiac development
and pathogenesis, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are prominent players that …

The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are members of a larger group of serine/threonine
(Ser/Thr) protein kinases from the mitogen-activated protein kinase family. JNKs were …

Starvation induces autophagy to preserve cellular homeostasis in virtually all eukaryotic
organisms. However, the mechanisms by which starvation induces autophagy are not …

Although recognized in small molecules for quite some time, the implications of halogen
bonding in biomolecular systems are only now coming to light. In this study, several systems …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease in which imbalances in pro-and
anti-inflammatory cytokines promote the induction of autoimmunity, inflammation and joint …

Introduction: A large number of drugs and drug candidates in clinical development contain
halogen substituents. For a long time, only the steric and lipophilic contributions of halogens …

c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), first characterized as stress-activated members of the
mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, have become a focus of inhibitor screening …

The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) participate in a multitude of processes that
control hepatic metabolism. The liver regulates glucose and lipid metabolism, and under …

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulate critical signaling pathways involved in
cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Recent studies have shown that a novel class …

Abstract p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (P38α and β) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases
(JNK1, 2, and 3) are key mediators of the cellular stress response. However, prolonged P38 …