Ventilatory responses to hypoxia vary widely depending on the pattern and length of hypoxic
exposure. Acute, prolonged, or intermittent hypoxic episodes can increase or decrease …

Computational models of the neural control system for breathing in mammals provide a
theoretical and computational framework bringing together experimental data obtained from …

Background Inflammation undermines multiple forms of neuroplasticity. Although
inflammation and its influence on plasticity in multiple neural systems has been extensively …

Advances in our understanding of brain mechanisms for the hypoxic ventilatory response,
coordinated changes in blood pressure, and the long-term consequences of chronic …

Intermittent hypoxia-induced long-term facilitation (LTF) is variably expressed in the motor
output of several inspiratory nerves, such as the phrenic and hypoglossal. Compared to …

Key points• In awake humans, when CO2 is maintained above normal levels, exposure to
acute intermittent hypoxia causes a sustained elevation in ventilation that persists when …

Abstract The Hering–Breuer (HBR) reflex is considered a major regulatory feedback for the
generation and patterning of respiratory activity. While HBR is important in neonates, its …

Hypoglossal (XII) motoneurons (MNs) contribute to diverse behaviors. Their innervation of
the genioglossus muscle, a tongue protruder, plays a critical role in maintaining upper …

Decreased noradrenergic excitation of hypoglossal motoneurons during sleep causing
hypotonia of pharyngeal dilator muscles is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of …

Acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH; three 5-min hypoxic episodes) causes a form of phrenic
motor facilitation (pMF) known as phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF); pLTF is initiated by …