Explanations of cooperation between non-kin in animal societies often suggest that
individuals exchange resources or services and that cooperation is maintained by …

Natural selection favours genes that increase an organism's ability to survive and reproduce.
This would appear to lead to a world dominated by selfish behaviour. However, cooperation …

Literature Cited to accompany Animal Communication, 2e Page 1 Principles of Animal
Communication, Second Edition Jack W. Bradbury and Sandra L. Vehrencamp Chapter 14 …

The occurrence of cooperation poses a problem for the biological and social sciences.
However, many aspects of the biological and social science literatures on this subject have …

Many of the most important properties of human groups–including properties that may give
one group an evolutionary advantage over another–are properly defined only at the level of …

Social mammals have three basic stages of postnatal development: infant, juvenile, and
adult. Some species also have a brief female post‐reproductive stage. The human life cycle …

Humans use punishment to promote cooperation in laboratory experiments but evidence
that punishment plays a similar role in non-human animals is comparatively rare. In this …

Cooperation between organisms can often be understood, like trade between merchants, as
a mutually beneficial exchange of services, resources or other 'commodities'. Mutual benefits …

Humans are outstanding in their ability to cooperate with unrelated individuals, and
punishment–paying a cost to harm others–is thought to be a key supporting mechanism …

Humans operate in groups that are oftentimes nested in multilayered collectives such as
work units within departments and companies, neighborhoods within cities, and regions …