Dendritic cells are powerful antigen-presenting cells that are essential for the priming of T
cell responses. In addition to providing T-cell-receptor ligands and co-stimulatory molecules …

Helminths are extraordinarily successful parasites due to their ability to modulate the host
immune response. They have evolved a spectrum of immunomodulatory molecules that are …

Naïve CD4 T cells, on activation, differentiate into distinct T helper (Th) subsets that produce
lineage-specific cytokines. By producing unique sets of cytokines, effector Th subsets play …

For over 35 years since Mosmann and Coffman proposed the seminal “type 1 T helper
(Th1)/type 2 T helper (Th2)” hypothesis in 1986, the immunological community has …

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) release interleukin-13 (IL-13) during protective
immunity to helminth infection and detrimentally during allergy and asthma. Using two …

Abstract Interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13, the signature cytokines that are produced during
type 2 immune responses, are critical for protective immunity against infections of …

Helminth parasites infect almost one-third of the world's population, primarily in tropical
regions. However, regions where helminth parasites are endemic record much lower …

The vertebrate immune system has evolved in concert with a broad range of infectious
agents, including ubiquitous helminth (worm) parasites. The constant pressure of helminth …

Schistosomiasis is a major cause of morbidity in humans invoked by chronic infection with
parasitic trematodes of the genus Schistosoma. Schistosomes have a complex life-cycle …

Abstract CD4+ T helper (TH) cells have crucial roles in orchestrating adaptive immune
responses. TH2 cells control immunity to extracellular parasites and all forms of allergic …