Mounting evidence suggests that the gut microbiome impacts brain development and
function. Gut–brain connections may be mediated by an assortment of microbial molecules …

Abstract Serotonin (5-HT) has traditional roles as a key neurotransmitter in the central
nervous system and as a regulatory hormone controlling a broad range of physiological …

The gut microbiome exerts a considerable influence on human neurophysiology and mental
health. Interactions between intestinal microbiology and host regulatory systems have now …

Akkermansia muciniphila is a probiotic inhabiting host intestinal mucus layers and displays
evident easing or therapeutic effects on host enteritis and metabolic disorders such as …

The gastrointestinal tract is known as the largest endocrine organ that encounters and
integrates various immune stimulations and neuronal responses due to constant …

Endogenous tryptophan metabolism pathways lead to the production of serotonin (5‐
hydroxytryptamine; 5‐HT), kynurenine, and several downstream metabolites which are …

There is increasing evidence of a pivotal role of the gut microbiota (GUT-M) in key
physiological functions in vertebrates. Many studies discuss functional implications of the …

Disruption of the microbiota–gut–brain axis results in a wide range of pathologies that are
affected, from the brain to the intestine. Gut hormones released by enteroendocrine cells to …

Simple Summary The immune system actively combats intruders such as bacteria, viruses,
fungi, and protozoan and metazoan parasites using leukocytes. During an infection white …

Obesogens are synthetic, environmental chemicals that can disrupt endocrine control of
metabolism and contribute to the risk of obesity and metabolic disease. Bisphenol A (BPA) is …