Plant hormones play a vital role in promoting growth, development and metabolism of the
plant, as well as act as a protector against various environmental stresses. In particular …

Mitochondria produce ATP via respiratory oxidation of organic acids and transfer of
electrons to O2 via the mitochondrial electron transport chain. This process produces …

Plant-parasitic nematodes are costly burdens of crop production. Ubiquitous in nature,
phytoparasitic nematodes are associated with nearly every important agricultural crop and …

Phytohormones are major signaling components that contribute to nearly all aspects of plant
life. They constitute an interconnected communication network to fine-tune growth and …

Phytosulfokine (PSK) is a disulfated pentapeptide that is an important signaling molecule.
Although it has recently been implicated in plant defenses to pathogen infection, the …

Salicylic acid (SA) is a critical plant hormone that is involved in many processes, including
seed germination, root initiation, stomatal closure, floral induction, thermogenesis, and …

Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant hormone almost exclusively associated with the promotion of
immunity. It is also known that SA has a negative impact on plant growth, yet only limited …

Chitosan is one of the most abundant carbohydrate biopolymers in the world and chitosan
oligosaccharide (COS), which is prepared from chitosan, is a plant immunity regulator. The …

Mitochondria are energy factories of cells and are important for intracellular interactions with
other organelles. Emerging evidence indicates that mitochondria play essential roles in the …

Salicylic acid (SA) is a phytohormone that plays important roles in many aspects of plant life,
notably in plant defenses against pathogens. Key mechanisms of SA signal transduction …