The forced swim test (FST), developed by Porsolt and collaborators in 1977 to evaluate
antidepressant (AD) treatments in rodents, has become extensively used for this purpose …

The forced swim test (FST) is a behavioral test in rodents which was developed in 1978 by
Porsolt and colleagues as a model for predicting the clinical efficacy of antidepressant …

Psychiatric disorders are characterized by sex differences in their prevalence,
symptomatology and treatment response. Animal models have been widely employed for …

During the past decade, one of the most striking discoveries in the treatment of major
depression was the clinical finding that a single infusion of a sub-anesthetic dose of the N …

In preclinical studies screening for novel antidepressants, male and female animals should
be used. However, in a widely used antidepressant test, the forced swim test (FST), sex …

Anxiety and depression are considered as stress-related disorders, which present
considerable sex differentiation. In animal models of anxiety and depression sex differences …

One of the most striking discoveries in the treatment of major depression was the finding that
infusion of a single sub-anesthetic dose of ketamine induces rapid and sustained …

RATIONALE: Affective disorders are twice as likely to occur in women as they are in men
suggesting a critical role for gonadal hormones in their etiology. In particular, testosterone …

Depression affects women nearly twice as frequently as men. In contrast, rodent models of
depression have shown inconsistent results regarding sex bias, often reporting more …

(1) Background: Reward responsiveness (RR) is a risk factor for high-risk behaviors such as
aggressive behaviors and early sexual initiation, which are all reported to be higher in …