Investigation of neural circuit dynamics is crucial for deciphering the functional connections
among regions of the brain and understanding the mechanism of brain dysfunction. Despite …

Engineered three-dimensional (3D) in vitro and ex vivo neural tissues, also known as “mini
brains and spinal cords in a dish,” can be derived from different types of human stem cells …

Three-dimensional cultures of human neural tissue/organ-like structures in vitro can be
achieved by mimicking the developmental processes occurring in vivo. Rapid progress in …

Human stem cell derived brain organoids are increasingly gaining attention as an ideal
model system for investigating neurological diseases, particularly those that involve …

Aging is a major risk factor for many neurodegenerative diseases. Klotho (KL) is a
glycosylated transmembrane protein that is expressed in the choroid plexus and neurons of …

Oxidative stress triggers axon degeneration and cell death, leading to the development of
neurodegenerative diseases. Spinal motor nerves project very long axons, increasing the …

Neural epidermal growth factor-like like 2 (NELL2) is a cytoplasmic and secreted
glycosylated protein with six epidermal growth factor-like domains. In animal models, NELL2 …

Aims During vertebrate development, the posterior end of the embryo progressively
elongates in a head-to-tail direction to form the body plan. Recent lineage tracing …

Due to the complex structure and function of central nervous system (CNS), human CNS in
vitro modeling is still a great challenge. Neurotoxicity testing of environmental chemicals …

Brain organoid research is advancing, but generation of organoids with proper axis
formation, which could lead to spatially ordered structures for complex brain structure and …