Bones are constantly remodeled throughout life to maintain robust structure and function.
Dysfunctional remodeling can result in pathological conditions such as osteoporosis (bone …

Many biological tissues, such as wood and bone, are fiber composites with a hierarchical
structure. Their exceptional mechanical properties are believed to be due to a functional …

More than 32.5 million American adults suffer from osteoarthritis, and current treatments
including pain medicines and anti-inflammatory drugs only alleviate symptoms but do not …

Human cortical and trabecular bones are formed by individual osteons and bone packets,
respectively, which are produced at different time points during the (re) modeling cycle by …

Nanoindentation has recently emerged as a powerful tool for measuring nano-and
microscale mechanical properties in tissues and other biomaterials. This technique has …

Biological materials have a wide range of mechanical properties matching their biological
function. This is achieved via complex structural hierarchies, spanning many length scales …

Functional gradients are material transitions that are found in nature and are known to result
in materials with superior properties and multiple functionalities. The emerging multi …

Cartilage is a hydrated biomacromolecular fiber composite located at the ends of long bones
that enables proper joint lubrication, articulation, loading, and energy dissipation …

Tendon attaches to bone across a functionally graded interface,“the enthesis”. A gradient of
mineral content is believed to play an important role for dissipation of stress concentrations …

Natural tissues possess a so-called J-shaped strain-stiffening behavior, being soft and
compliant at small strains followed by a rapid stiffening at higher strains to prevent tissue …