In this review, we provide an update on the current and future applications of saliva for
diagnostic purposes. There are many advantages of using saliva as a biofluid. Its collection …

Hormones produced by glands in the endocrine system and neurotransmitters produced by
the nervous system control many bodily functions. The concentrations of these molecules in …

Background In recent decades there has been a growing concern about animal stress on
intensive pig farms due to the undesirable consequences that stress produces in the normal …

Previous studies reported mental stress as one of the major contributing factors leading to
various diseases such as heart attack, depression and stroke. An accurate stress …

Parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have been reported as
experiencing higher levels of stress and poorer physical health than parents of typically …

Development of new biomarkers is a constantly evolving field of research endeavor in
psychoneuroendocrinology. Salivary biomarkers have received special attention since they …

A growing body of literature demonstrates that smartphone use can become problematic
when individuals develop a technology dependency such that fear can result. This fear is …

Pain diagnosis and management would benefit from the development of objective markers
of nociception and pain. Current research addressing this issue has focused on five main …

This article considers the effects of psychosocial stress on child development and describes
mechanisms through which early stress in the context of poverty affects the functioning of …

There is burgeoning interest in the ability to detect inflammatory markers in response to
stress within naturally occurring social contexts and/or across multiple time points per day …