Flowers of many angiosperm species are well adapted to avoid self-pollination, for &tame by
temporal aMd spatial separation of pollen and stigma within the same Power. However …

▪ Abstract Floral symmetry has figured prominently in the study of both pollination biology
and animal behavior. However, a confusion of terminology and the diffuse nature of the …

Many functional-ecological, morphological, and physiological-factors affect the occurrence
of selffertilization. Six modes of self-pollination are distinguished. These differ in whether …

I present a phenotypic model of the selection of self-fertilization that applies to any mode of
selfpollination. A novel factor, seed discounting-the loss of outcrossing maternal fitness …

Diptera are important flower visitors and pollinators for many plant species and in a variety of
habitats. Although Diptera are not as well studied as other groups of pollinators, there is a …

Immobility complicates mating by angiosperms because the transfer of male gametes
between individuals requires pollen vectors. Although abiotic and biotic vectors can …

Background Some of the most exciting advances in pollination biology have resulted from
interdisciplinary research combining ecological and evolutionary perspectives. For example …

1. Pollinators visiting large floral displays may probe several flowers in sequence, leading to
geitonogamous (among-flower) self-pollination. To investigate the relationship between …

This paper comprises Part II of a review of flower visitation and pollination by Diptera
(myiophily or myophily). While Part I examined taxonomic diversity of anthophilous flies …

Evolutionary biologists have produced a solid body of evidence to explain patterns of
diversification, both within and among species. Recent textbooks are weighted towards …