Tripartite efflux pumps and the related type 1 secretion systems (T1SSs) in Gram-negative
organisms are diverse in function, energization, and structural organization. They form …

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria that are difficult or impossible to treat are becoming increasingly
common and are causing a global health crisis. Antibiotic resistance is encoded by several …

The capacity of numerous bacterial species to tolerate antibiotics and other toxic compounds
arises in part from the activity of energy-dependent transporters. In Gram-negative bacteria …

Polymyxin antibiotics are increasingly being used as last-line therapeutic options against a
number of multidrug resistant bacteria. These antibiotics show strong bactericidal activity …

Tripartite multidrug efflux systems of Gram-negative bacteria are composed of an inner
membrane transporter, an outer membrane channel and a periplasmic adaptor protein. They …

Resistant bacterial infections are a major health problem in many parts of the world. The
major commercial antibiotic classes often fail to combat common bacteria. Although …

Efflux pumps are membrane proteins which contribute to multi-drug resistance. In Gram-
negative bacteria, some of these pumps form complex tripartite assemblies in association …

In recent years, the role of mitochondria in pathogenic fungi in terms of azole resistance and
fungal pathogenicity has been a rapidly developing field. In this review, we describe the …

The mucosal inflammatory response to Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gc) is characterized by
recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection. Gc survives exposure to neutrophils by …

Gram-negative bacteria utilize a diverse array of multidrug transporters to pump toxic
compounds out of the cell. Some transporters, together with periplasmic membrane fusion …