Children exposed to various forms of adversity early in life are at increased risk for a broad
range of developmental difficulties, affecting both cognitive and emotional adjustment. We …

Midcingulate cortex (MCC) has risen in prominence as human imaging identifies unique
structural and functional activity therein and this is the first review of its structure …

We look back on the events surrounding the genesis of our 1993 article on the error-related
negativity (ERN), a component of the event-related brain potential that accompanies errors …

People are often aware of their mistakes, and report levels of confidence in their choices that
correlate with objective performance. These metacognitive assessments of decision quality …

Successful goal-directed behavior requires not only correct action selection, planning, and
execution but also the ability to flexibly adapt behavior when performance problems occur or …

We present evidence that a multitude of mid‐frontal event‐related potential (ERP)
components partially reflect a common theta band oscillatory process. Specifically, mid …

The authors present a unified account of 2 neural systems concerned with the development
and expression of adaptive behaviors: a mesencephalic dopamine system for reinforcement …

To behave adaptively, we must learn from the consequences of our actions. Studies using
event-related potentials (ERPs) have been informative with respect to the question of how …

According to a recent theory, anterior cingulate cortex is sensitive to response conflict, the
coactivation of mutually incompatible responses. The present research develops this theory …

We review two decades of research on the error-related negativity (ERN or Ne), a
component of the event-related brain potential that accompanies errors in speeded …